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TIMELESS CLASSIC
Ancient Chinese idioms continue to be relevant today

Idioms. Peribahasa. Chengyu. Figures of speech that roll off the tongue effortlessly into our daily lives yet belong to a time gone by. They survive because they're timeless, carrying implied or hidden meanings that are crystal clear when uttered in written text or in speech.




A conversation with a friend recently reacquainted me with the delightful Chinese idioms, chengyu and the legends and fables they originated from. Generally, in the form of four-character idioms, they often convey a deeper meaning, a lesson of life.

It was some years ago whilst researching Asian legends that I came across this literary form, specially from the story of Old Man Yu Moves The Mountain, Old Man Sai Weng Loses His Horse but it doesn't mean It's Unlucky and perhaps, most apt this year, To Kill A Chicken To Warn The Monkey.

Sha ji jing hou is the saying or "kill the chicken to scare the monkey", which means to make an example out of someone as a way to warn others.

There's a folktale associated with this idiom. Once upon a time, there was a street entertainer and his dancing monkey. Whenever he played the drums, the monkey danced and everyone who came to watch them paid lots of money.

One day, the monkey refused to dance. The master kept silent and brought out a live chicken, killing it in front of his monkey. The message was clear. The monkey immediately resumed dancing when his master played the drums. It knew full well that it would also suffer the same fate if it stopped.

CHENGYU IN MALAYSIA


Chengyu, used in ancient classical Chinese written language, has survived the ages to still be relevant in vernacular writing. In today's Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina schools, primary students are made to memorise thousands of idioms and the legends that gave birth to them. They're a critical part of the Chinese language lessons as students need to use them in their UPSE and SPM exam papers.

They're difficult to memorise, even harder to master. But the lessons they impart last a lifetime, Prof Ding Choo Ming, formerly from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia or UKM, has spent a lifetime studying Asian folklores and the lessons they impart. He shares: "Indeed, thousands of Chinese and Malay proverbs inherited from the corpus of wisdom and stories are rich in values that are not only universal, they're acceptable to all communities, and are timeless."

ORIGIN

There are 5,000 Chinese idioms although there are listings which identify up to 10,000 of them. Some exist as far back as the Han Dynasty. One example, read literally, means melon field under the plums. This idioms implies suspicious situations. To understand its true meaning, we go back to an excerpt from a Han Dynasty poem. The poem contains two phrases, which describe a code of conduct that says, "Don't adjust your shoes in a melon field and don't tidy your hat under the plum trees." This is to ensure that you avoid the suspicion of stealing.

ANCIENT WISDOM

It has been established that there are idioms from the many different dynasties such as the Zhou, the Han and the Tang dynasties. 

As the chengyu are often linked to a myth or historical fact, they're unique, and sometimes don't actually make sense own. They offer a compact, succinct and yet all-encompassing belief and don't follow the usual grammatical structure of modern Chinese.

The four characters reflect the moral behind a story rather the story itself. For example, the phrase pof chen zhou literally means "break the woks and sink the boats". This signifies resolve and no-surrender, no-retreat attitude when going into battle. It's therefore not suprising that this comes from a historical account where General Xiang Yu ordered his troops to destroy all cooking utensils and boats after crossing a river into enemy territory.

Not all chengyu are born of fables. Indeed, there are chengyu which, similar to our peribahasa, are totally unrelated to legends but exist as universal truths. Some examples include pao zhuan yin yu which literally means throwing out bricks to attract jade, a saying which is akin to uttering "my humble two cents worth", and is considered a commonplace way to contribute an idea to an on-going discussions so that others may come up with more valuable opinions. Then, there's xin xue lai which basically means "spur of the moment" or "on a whim", and ban tu er fei which literally means to walk halfway up the road and give up. It refers to someone or something done halfway.

The idioms above do not refer to any historical incident, hut are complete and succint in their original meaning.

LESSONS FROM OUR PAST

It's not suprising that ancient civilisations persevere to protect their metaphors, sayings and legends for the next generations. Values that survive from one generation to the next keep us rooted and confident in our beliefs.

A young English teacher from Sungai Petani, Eunice Tan, shares that it was from learning Chinese idioms during her school days that she's now able to better understand Chinese culture, history and ancient wisdom from ancient dynasties. "They're still relevant and useful today. Students shouldn't only memorise the idioms and their meanings, they should also learn the origin and fables associated with them."

It's wonderful to learn about the legends and fables of the world, and then travel to see how these legends have and continue to shape civilisations. In learning other legends and cultures, we can better understand people and appreciate past histories because they deliver subtle and interesting lessons. 

But first, we must have a strong foundation in our own culture and legends. Start this in our scholls with the young. For when we appreciate our own timeless idioms and fables, we can begin to appreciate its magic in others.

Written by : Ninotaziz
Source : New Straits Times - Heritage Plush
Date : 28th February 2016

KARYA YANG TAK MAKAN DEK ZAMAN
Idiom bahasa Cina kuno masih kekal relevan hingga hari ini

Idioms. Peribahasa. Chengyu. Perumpamaan yang diucapkan setiap hari berasal dari peredaran masa. Ungkapan yang tak makan dek zaman ini membawa maksud tersirat atau maksud tersembunyi menjadi jelas apabila ditulis atau ditutur.


Baru-baru ini ketika berbual dengan seorang sahabat mengimbas kembali idiom, chengyu, keberasalan legenda dan kisah dongeng bahasa Cina yang menyeronokkan. Selalunya idiom yang ditulis dalam empat patah perkataan memberikan maksud mendalam serta pengajaran kehidupan. 

Saya sedang membuat kajian apabila terserempak dengan kisah legenda Asia dalam bentuk sastera terutama sekali kisah berjudul Old Man Yu Moves The Mountain, Old Man Sai Weng Loses His Horse tetapi tidak bermakna It's Unlucky dan mungkin paling sesuai untuk tahun ini, To Kill A Chicken To Warn The Monkey.

Sha ji jing hou merupakan pepatah atau "membunuh ayam untuk menakutkan monyet", bermaksud mengambilkan contoh seseorang sebagai memberi amaran kepada orang lain.

Terdapat sebuah cerita rakyat berkenaan idiom ini. Pada suatu masa dahulu, terdapat seorang penghibur jalanan dan seekor monyet miliknya yang pandai menari. Setiap kali penghibur jalanan itu memainkan gendangnya, monyet ini akan menari dan orang ramai akan datang untuk menyaksikan tarian monyet itu dan penghibut jalanan mendapat untung. 

Pada suatu hari, monyet itu enggan menari. Tuannya hanya mendiamkan diri dan membawa seekor ayam hidup dan menyembelih ayam itu di hadapan monyet itu. Mesej yang disampaikan amat jelas, dengan serta-merta monyet itu mula menari apabila tuannya memainkan gendangnya. Ia tahu akan mengalami nasib yang sama jika berhenti menari.

CHENGYU DI MALAYSIA


Chengyu, digunakan dalam tulisan bahasa cina klasik kuno masih relevan dalam tulisan vernakular. Di Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina, pelajar sekolah rendah diwajibkan menghafal ribuan idiom dan legenda di sebalik idiom ini. Proses ini kritikal dalam pembelajaran bahasa Cina kerana pelajar perlu menggunakannya dalam peperiksaan UPSR dan SPM.

Chengyu amat sukar untuk dihafal dan diingati tetapi pengajarannya kekal sepanjang zaman. Prof Ding Choo Ming, pernah bertugas di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia atau UKM menghabiskan masa panjang mengkaji cerita rakyat Asian dan pengajarannya. Beliau berkata: "Memang benar, ribuan peribahasa bahasa Cina dan bahasa Melayu diwarisi daripada kisah dan kebijaksanaan yang kaya dengan nilai murni, bukan sahaja ia universal, malah ia diterima oleh semua komuniti dan tak makan dek zaman."

ASAL USUL

Terdapat 5,000 buah idiom bahasa Cina walaupun senarai yang dikenal pasti mencecah sehingga 10,000 buah idiom. Ada pepatah dari zaman Dinasti Han masih wujud hingga ke hari ini. Contohnya, bacaan literal, bermakna buah tembikai di bawah pohon plum. Pepatah ini menyimpulkan situasi yang mencurigakan. Bagi memahami maksud sebenar, kita harus merujuk secebis sajak dari zaman Dinasti Han. Sajak ini mengandungi dua frasa yang menerangkan kod etika yang menyatakan "Jangan membetulkan kasut di ladang tembikai dan jangan bersihkan topi di bawah pohon plum." Ini bagi memastikan mengelak perasaan curiga ingin mencuri. 

KEBIJAKSANAAN KUNO

Terdapat pelbagai idiom dari dinasti yang berbeza seperti dinasti Zhou, dinasti Han dan dinasti Tang.

Chengyu sering kali dikaitkan dengan mitos atau fakta sejarah menjadikan ia unik dan kadang kala tidak masuk akal. Ia bersifat padat, ringkas serta mempuyai kepercayaan jitu dan tidak mengikut struktur tatabahasa bahasa Cina moden.

Empat patah perkataan menggambarkan moral di sebalik kisah daripada kisah itu sendiri. Contohnya, frasa pof chen zhou, makna literal adalah "pecahkan kuali dan tenggelamkan bot". Ini menunjukkan perlakuan menyelesaikan masalah dan jangan menyerah dan jangan undur dalam medan peperangan. Maka, tidak memeranjatkan apabila pepatah ini berasal daripada sejarah apabila General Xiang Yu mengarahkan askarnya memusnahkan kesemua peralatan memasak dan bot setelah menyeberangi sungai dan berjaya memasuki wilayah musuh.

Bukan semua chengyu berasal daripada cerita rakyat. Terdapat juga pepatah yang sama dengan peribahasa kita serta tidak kena mengena dengan lagenda tetapi ia wujud secara universal. Contohnya, pao zhuan yin yu secara literal bermakna membaling batu untuk menarik perhatian batu jade, pepatah sama seperti memberi "pendapat saya yang tak seberapa". Ia umpama memberi idea dalam perbincangan supaya orang lain boleh memberikan idea yang lebih bernas. Terdapat pula pepatah xin xue lai chao yang bermakna "tanpa dirancang" atau "kerenah",  dan pepatah ban tu er fei juga secara literal bermakna jalan separuh jalan dan berputus asa. Ia merujuk kepada seseorang atau sesuatu dilakukan separuh jalan.

Idiom di atas tidak merujuk kepada sebarang kejadian sejarah tetapi ia merujuk kepada makna sebenar yang sempurna dan ringkas.

PENGAJARAN SILAM

Tidak mengejutkan tamadun kuno melindungi metafora, pepatah dan lagenda mereka untuk generasi akan datang. Nilai dari satu generasi kepada generasi lain mengekalkan kita serta yakin dengan kepercayaan kita.

Seorang guru muda bahasa English dari Sungai Petani, Eunice Tan, berpendapat mempelajari idiom bahasa Cina sewaktu zaman persekolahan membantunya memahami lebih mendalam kebudayaan Cina, sejarah Cina dan kata-kata hikmah Cina kuno dari dinasti kuno. "Ia masih relevan dan berguna hingga ke hari ini. Pelajar tidak seharusnya menghafal idioms dan maksudnya, mereka harus juga mempelajari keberasalan dan cerita rakyat berkaitan."

Memang menggembirakan untuk mempelajari lagenda dan cerita rakyat dari seluruh dunia kemudian mengembara untuk melihat lagenda ini terus menerus membentuk tamadun. Mempelajari lagenda dan budaya lain, kita lebih memahami orang lain dan menghargai sejarah silam kerana ia memberikan pengajaran yang tidak ketara dan menarik. 

Sebagai permulaan, kita harus mempunyai asas kebudayaan dan asas lagenda yang kukuh. Mulakan di peringkat sekolah kerana apabila kita menghargai idiom dan cerita rakyat yang tak telan dek zaman kita akan mula menghargai kelebihannya dalam bahasa lain.

Diterjemah oleh : Teratai Melur
E-mel : terataigenius@gmail.com

**Jika perlukan khidmat terjemahan, sila e-mel maklumat ke alamat e-mel tertera di atas.


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